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Texas (TEK-səə ss, in your area also TEK-siz; Spanish: Texas or Tejas) is the most populated state in the South Central area of the USA. It surrounds Louisiana to the eastern, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and a worldwide boundary with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest. Texas has a coastline on the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Treatment 268,596 square miles (695,660 km2) and with over 31 million locals as of 2024, Texas is the second-largest state by location and population. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Celebrity State for its former status as a independent country, the Republic of Texas. Spain was the very first European nation to insurance claim and control Texas. Adhering to a temporary nest managed by France, Mexico regulated the land up until 1836 when Texas won its self-reliance, becoming the Republic of Texas. In 1845, Texas joined the United States of America as the 28th state. The state's addition triggered a chain of occasions that resulted in the Mexican–-- American War in 1846. Adhering to victory by the United States, Texas remained a servant state up until the American Civil War, when it declared its secession from the Union in very early 1861 prior to officially joining the Confederate States on March 2. After the Civil War and the repair of its depiction in the federal government, Texas entered an extended period of economic stagnancy. Historically, five significant sectors shaped the Texas economy before World War II: cattle, bison, cotton, timber, and oil. Before and after the Civil Battle, the cattle industry—-- which Texas concerned dominate—-- was a significant economic vehicle driver and developed the standard picture of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century, cotton and lumber grew to be significant sectors as the cattle industry ended up being less financially rewarding. Eventually, the exploration of significant petroleum down payments (Spindletop specifically) launched a financial boom that came to be the driving pressure behind the economy for much of the 20th century. Texas created a varied economic climate and advanced industry throughout the mid-20th century. Since 2024, it has the second-highest number (52) of Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the United States. With a growing base of sector, the state leads in many industries, including tourist, agriculture, petrochemicals, power, computer systems and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical scientific researches. Texas has actually led the U. S. in state export profits considering that 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The Dallas–-- Fort Well worth metroplex and Greater Houston areas are the nation's 4th and fifth-most populated urban regions specifically. Its capital city is Austin. As a result of its dimension and geologic attributes such as the Balcones Fault, Texas consists of varied landscapes usual to both the U. S. Southern and the Southwestern regions. Most population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, woodlands, and the coast. Traveling from eastern to west, terrain varieties from coastal swamps and piney timbers, to rolling plains and sturdy hillsides, to the desert and mountains of the Large Bend.